A review of anorexia induced by T-2 toxin.

The presence of anorexia in animals is the most well-known clinical symptom of T-2 toxin poisoning. T-2 toxin is the most characteristic type A toxin in the trichothecene mycotoxins. The consumption of T-2 toxin can cause anorexic response in mice, rats, rabbits, and other animals. In this review, the basic information of T-2 toxin, appetite regulation mechanism and the molecular mechanism of T-2 toxin-induced anorectic response in animals are presented and discussed. The objective of this overview is to describe the research progress of anorexia in animals produced by T-2 toxin. T-2 toxin mainly causes antifeedant reaction through four pathways: vagus nerve, gastrointestinal hormone, neurotransmitter and cytokine. This review aims to give an academic basis and useable reference for the prevention and treatment of clinical symptoms of anorexia in animals resulting from T-2 toxin.

Deoxynivalenol triggers porcine intestinal tight junction disorder: Insights from mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is universally detected trichothecene in most cereal commodities, which is considered as a major hazardous material for human and animal health. Intestine is the most vulnerable organ with higher concentration of DON than other organs, owing to the first defense barrier function to exogenous substances. However, the underling mechanisms about DON-induced intestinal toxicity remain poorly understood. Here, DON poisoning models of IPEC-J2 cells was established to explore adverse effect and the potential mechanism of DON-induced enterotoxicity. Results showed that DON exposure destroyed IPEC-J2 cells morphology. Results showed that DON exposure destroyed IPEC-J2 cells morphology. Intestinal epithelial barrier injury was caused by DON with increasing LDH release, decreasing cell viability as well decreasing tight junction protein expressions (Occludin, N-Cad, ZO-1, Claudin-1 and Claudin-3). Moreover, DON caused mitochondrial dysfunction by opening mitochondrial permeability transition pore and eliminating mitochondrial membrane potential. DON exposure upregulated protein and mRNA expression of mitochondrial fission factors (Drp1, Fis1, MIEF1 and MFF) and mitophagy factors (PINK1, Parkin and LC3), downregulated mitochondrial fusion factors (Mfn1, Mfn2, except OPA1), resulting in mitochondrial dynamics imbalance and mitophagy. Overall, these findings suggested that DON induced tight junction dysfunction in IPEC-J2 cells was related to mitochondrial dynamics-mediated mitophagy.

Low prevalence of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii in dairy cattle from China's central region.

BACKGROUND: Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan that can infect humans and other animals, including cattle. Cattle are one of the world's main sources of meat, and people who consume raw or undercooked meat and milk of cattle infected with T. gondii can become infected. In this study, a total of 5292 dairy cattle serum samples, collected from 17 cities (Henan Province, China) from January 2015 to September 2017, were screened for antibodies against T. gondii. RESULTS: Antibodies to T. gondii were found in 1.93% (102/5292) (95% CI, 1.56-2.30) of dairy cattle using a modified agglutination test (cut-off 1:100). The results showed that geographic location and season may be risk factors for T. gondii infection of cattle (P < 0.05), and the seroprevalence of T. gondii in cattle along the Yellow River is higher than other areas. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first large-scale investigation on the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in cattle from Central China. This survey shows that the T. gondii infection rate of dairy cattle is low; however, these findings provide additional information on the epidemiology of Chinese T. gondii. The possibility of dairy cattle exposure to T. gondii in Central China can not be ignored, and the consumption of raw or undercooked beef or milk may pose a risk to human health.

Avirulence and lysozyme secretion in Paneth cells after infection of BALB/c mice with oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii strains TgCatCHn2 (ToxoDB#17) and TgCatCHn4 (ToxoDB#9).

Toxoplasma gondii has a complex life cycle and pathogenic mechanisms. Acute T. gondii infections in mice often result in death, whereas in chronic infections, the parasites may persist in the host tissues as intraneuronal or intramuscular cysts. However, the virulence of T. gondii strains in mice varies with its genetic background. The present study investigated the pathogenicity and pathological lesions of two T. gondii isolates from China: namely, TgCatCHn2 (ToxoDB#17) and TgCatCHn4 (ToxoDB#9). The virulent (ToxoDB#216) and avirulent (VEG) strains were employed as controls. Toxoplasmosis was induced by inoculating BALB/c mice with oocysts of the strains of T. gondii VEG, ToxoDB#216, TgCatCHn2 (ToxoDB#17), and TgCatCHn4 (ToxoDB#9), respectively. As a result, one oocyst of ToxoDB#216 could kill a mouse within 10 days post inoculation (DPI). The survival time of the mice for T. gondii TgCatCHn2 and TgCatCHn4 was >60 DPI for 106/mL oocysts, but this concentration (106/mL oocysts) of VEG strain could kill mice within 11 DPI. Compared with the strains of T. gondii ToxoDB#216 and VEG, the lesions in the small intestines of the strains of TgCatCHn2- and TgCatCHn4-infected mice were significantly smaller (P < 0.01). The positive area of T. gondii antigen in the ileum of mice infected with the strains of T. gondii VEG, TgCatCHn2 and TgCatCHn4 were significantly lower than that T. gondii ToxoDB#216 at 8 DPI (P < 0.01). Paneth cells (PCs) in the small intestines was eliminated by ToxoDB#216 (5-6 DPI) (P < 0.05). The strains of T. gondii TgCatCHn2-, TgCatCHn4- and VEG-infected mice, the number of PCs and granules decreased in the intestines, compared to T. gondii free mice, but the difference was not significant (8 DPI, P > 0.05). However, the granules in the PCs showed negative lysozyme expression in the intestines of mice infected with T. gondii TgCatCHn2 and TgCatCHn4. Thus, T. gondii strains of TgCatCHn2 (ToxoDB#17) and TgCatCHn4 (ToxoDB#9) were avirulent strains, they triggered an inhibition of lysozyme expression in the granules of PCs of the mouse intestine. These effects may in turn lead to intestinal dysbiosis, which may be related to further parasitic invasion of the intestines. The findings of the present study further expand the spectrum of the pathogenic features of various Chinese isolates of T. gondii.

Antibody Detection, Isolation, Genotyping, and Virulence of Toxoplasma gondii in Captive Felids from China.

The felids are the only definitive hosts of Toxoplasma gondii, which could excrete oocysts into the environment and provide an infection source for toxoplasmosis in various warm-blooded animal species, particularly the captive felids that live close to human communities. The infection rate of the captive felids is a perfect standard in detecting the presence of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in the environment. In this study, sera or tissue samples from zoo (1 young tiger, 2 adult tigers, 6 young lions), farm (10 masked palm civets), and pet hospital (28 cats) from Henan Province (China) were collected. The sera (n = 47) were tested for immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against T. gondii by using modified agglutination test (MAT), whereas the hearts tissue (n = 40) were bioassayed in mice to isolate T. gondii strains. The genotype was distinguished by using PCR-RFLP of 10 loci (SAG1, SAG2, SAG3, GRA6, BTUB, L358, c22-8, PK1, c29-2, and Apico). The detection rate for the T. gondii antibody in captive felids was 21.3% (10/47). One viable T. gondii strain (TgCatCHn4) was obtained from a cat heart tissue, and its genotype was ToxoDB#9. The oocysts of ToxoDB#9 were collected from a T. gondii-free cat. The virulence of TgCatCHn4 was low and no cysts were detected in the brain of mice at 60 days post-inoculation. The finding of the present study suggested a widespread exposure of T. gondii for felids in Henan Province of central China, particularly those from the zoological gardens and homes. ToxoDB#9 was the predominant strain in China. Preventive measures against T. gondii oocyst contamination of various components of the environment should thus be implemented, including providing pre-frozen meat, well-cooked cat food, cleaned fruits and vegetables, monitoring birds and rodents, inactive T. gondii oocysts in felids feces, and proper hygiene.